Minerals
Antimony
Antimony ​​​
Antimony is a silvery-white chemical element commonly found in mineral deposits Stibnite. The ore is typically processed to produce Antimony, which plays a crucial role as an essential raw material for many industries. It is valued for its unique properties to act as a flame retardant in textiles and plastics. It is also used in the production of semiconductors and lead-acid batteries which are commonly found in vehicles and electronic devices. Even though Antimony is hard, it is easily broken and is widely used to make other metals harder and stronger.
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Antimony Concentrates​​​​
Antimony Concentrates are primarily sourced from Stibnite (Sb₂S₃) through advanced beneficiation techniques based on comprehensive geological survey data to enhance efficiency, optimize recovery rates and ensure sustainable production methods yielding high-quality Antimony concentrates.
Antimony Concentrates
Specifications
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HSN Code: 2617.10.00
Feedstock: Stibnite ore (average grade 10~20% Sb).
Primary mineral: Stibnite ore (Sb₂S₃)
Final Product: Antimony concentrate (average grade 45% Sb).
Moisture Content: 8% (by weight).
Granulometry: 80% passing 200 mesh (75 microns).
Production Processes for Antimony Concentrates from Stibnite
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The beneficiation of Antimony concentrates involves a series of well-defined stages, utilizing state-of-the-art techniques informed by geological survey data to extract maximum value from Stibnite ore.
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Mining and Material Handling: Efficient mining practices are foundational to successful beneficiation. We employ selective mining techniques based on geological survey data to target high-grade Stibnite deposits, ensuring optimal resource utilization while minimizing waste. Safety protocols are strictly followed to protect our workforce and the environment.
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Crushing and Grinding: The first stage in the physical separation of Antimony minerals involves crushing and grinding the ore to liberate Stibnite from gangue materials.
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Flotation: Flotation is the primary method for separating Antimony minerals from other constituents. Our approach includes: Reagent Optimization & Air Flow Management. often using lead salts, copper salts, butyl xanthate, shale oil, ethyl thiazide, pine oil, or No. 2 oil as reagents.
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Concentrate Thickening and Filtering: Post-flotation, the Antimony concentrates undergo thickening and filtering processes.
Copper
Copper​
Copper ore is a naturally occurring mineral containing copper that can be economically extracted. The most common types of ores are Copper Sulfide Ore and Copper Oxide Ore. Differrent processes are used to extract copper from the respective ores to produce Copper Concentrates.
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Copper Concentrates​
Copper concentrates are used as raw material by smelters to produce the resultant metal which is widely used in various industries becuse of its high electrical and heat conductivity, malleability, ability to form alloys with other metals, and resistance to corrosion.
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Copper Concentrates
Specifications
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Feedstock: Copper sulphide & Oxide ore (average grade 5% Cu).
Primary mineral: Chalcopyrite (CuFeSâ‚‚), Chalcocite (Cuâ‚‚S), Bornite (Cuâ‚…FeSâ‚„) & Cuprite (Cuâ‚‚O)
Final Product: Copper concentrate (average grade 30% Cu).
Moisture Content: 8% (by weight).
Granulometry: 80% passing 200 mesh (75 microns).
HS Code: 2603.00.00
Production Processes for Copper Concentrates
Processing of Sulfide Copper Ores
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Crushing and Grinding: Sulfide ores are crushed and ground into fine particles to liberate the copper minerals from the surrounding material.
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Froth Flotation: The ground ore is mixed with water and specific reagents to create a slurry. When air is introduced, copper-rich minerals attach to bubbles and float to the surface, forming a froth that is skimmed off, producing a concentrate typically containing 20-30% copper.
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Thickening and Filtration: The concentrate is thickened and filtered to remove excess water, resulting in a solid material ready for smelting.
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Smelting and Refining: The dried concentrate undergoes smelting in a furnace, where it is heated to high temperatures in the presence of a flux to separate the metal from slag. The resulting product, known as matte, contains a higher concentration of copper. This matte is further refined through converting and electrorefining processes to achieve 99.99% pure copper.
Processing of Oxide Copper Ores
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Copper oxide ores: Cuprite (Cuâ‚‚O) ores are directly leached with sulfuric acid to produce copper sulfate solutions for electrowinning. Copper oxide ores, including cuprite, tenorite, malachite, azurite, and chrysocolla, are not typically processed into standard copper concentrates but remain essential resources for hydrometallurgical copper extraction.
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Heap Leaching: Crushed oxide ores are stacked on leaching pads and irrigated with a weak acid solution, typically sulfuric acid. This solution percolates through the heap, dissolving the copper minerals into a pregnant leach solution (PLS).
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Solvent Extraction (SX): The PLS is collected and mixed with an organic solvent that selectively binds with copper ions. This process separates the copper from impurities, resulting in a concentrated and purified solution.
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Electrowinning (EW): The purified solution is subjected to an electrical current in an electrowinning cell, causing pure copper metal to deposit onto cathodes. These copper cathodes are then harvested for further processing or sale.
Bauxite
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Bauxite is a soft and light sedimentary rock that has a wide range of use thanks to its properties of easy workability, cold and hot workability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Bauxite also has a relatively high aluminium content and is hence the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite ore is mined, processed and then refined to recover alumina which in turn is smelted to produce Aluminium.
Chromite
Chrome ore lumpy consists of large lump formations, typically between 10mm to 300mm in size. This type of ore is mined directly from the earth and requires minimal processing before being sold. It is primarily used in the metallurgical industry to produce ferrochrome, an essential component in stainless steel production.
Beryllium
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Beryllium is a grey metal element that is stronger than steel and lighter than aluminium. Its physical properties of great strength-to-weight, high melting point, excellent thermal stability and conductivity, reflectivity and transparency to X-rays make it an essential material in the aerospace, telecommunications, information technology, defence, medical and nuclear industries.
Iron Ore
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Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are heated in the presence of a reductant to yield metallic iron. The ore almost always consists of iron oxides, the primary forms of which are Magnetite and Hematite. Iron ore is the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries.
Nickel
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Nickel is a metallic element with a silvery-white, shiny appearance. It is the fifth-most common element on earth and occurs extensively in the earth’s crust and core. Nickel, along with iron, is also a common element in meteorites. Nickel occurs naturally in soil and water. It is also an essential nutrient for plants. Nickel has many applications, including in batteries, alloys and consumer products.
Tantalite
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Tantalite is a mineral that serves as a source for Tantalum and occurs in the mineral columbite-tantalite (Coltan). Depending on the predominance of tantalum or niobium, the mineral is called tantalite or columbite. Tantalite is the main ore that contains Tantalum which is a very rare, corrosion-resistant metal widely used in electronics and chemical equipment.
